Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a long-term mental health condition. It causes periods of psychosis, when a person may hear, see or believe things that others do not. It also often affects motivation, emotions and thinking.

It usually starts between the late teens and early 30s. Many people with schizophrenia recover, or learn to manage their symptoms and live fulfilling lives.

Symptoms

Positive symptoms (experiences that are added):

• hallucinations, such as hearing voices
• delusions, strong beliefs that others do not share, such as being watched or controlled
• muddled thinking or speech

Negative symptoms (things that are reduced):

• losing interest and motivation
• withdrawing from friends and family
• flat emotions
• not looking after yourself

People may also have problems with memory, concentration and planning.

Early signs

Before a first episode, people often become more withdrawn, anxious, suspicious or have trouble sleeping and concentrating.

What causes it?

A mix of genes, brain development and life events such as stress or trauma. Using cannabis, especially strong cannabis, raises the risk, particularly in young people.

Getting help

If you are worried about yourself or someone else, see a GP. In many areas you can contact an early intervention in psychosis (EIP) service directly. The NHS aims for people with a first episode of psychosis to start treatment within 2 weeks of being referred.

See schizophrenia treatment.